1- Introduction
Given Almtmahs flour for existing facilities in Egypt, we find that through the work of a statistical origin is difficult to exist free from defects. And due to the lack of awareness of structural and human conscience when different construction stages of the design, implementation and supervision, maintenance and so on so it was necessary to study this section analysis of the types of defects and their causes and thus methods of treatment.
Makes it much easier to find contractor or engineer performs origin from the beginning but it's hard to find an engineer Oomquaol maintenance work, therefore, should study the fissures and cracks in concrete structures due to the cause of the massive losses in persons and property and buildings if the engineer did not study these cracks and determine the reasons and the types and how to treat these cracks to avoid the negative effects that result from negligence in the construction of any complexity or natural disasters such as earthquakes.
2-types of defects
2.1 defects related to origin as a whole
2-1-1- defects related to the authority: -
1) Insulation is not sufficient either to isolate heat - moisture.
2) cracks unacceptable.
3) uncomfortable vibrations.
4) defects offset.
5) defects as a result of slipping.
6) as a result of defects landing teams.
2.1.2 For security flaws
1) including the collapse of the kidneys.
2) including a partial collapse.
3) lack of poise.
2-2 flaws constructional elements
2-2 - 1 cracked concrete: -
1) mottling.
2) salting.
3) cracks.
4) falling concrete.
5) concrete fragmentation.
6) surface corrosion.
7) ruffled concrete.
2-2 - 2 -alckl and marbling: -
1) bending.
2) buckling pressure.
3. causes cracking and collapse
There are multiple causes leading to cracks and sometimes cracks the concrete installations, and can cause it to collapse origin can be divided into these reasons: - external factors
1) external factors.
2) natural factors.
3) factors related to failure in studies.
4) factors were not taken into account.
First: - External factors:
the presence of large trees next to the building.
high building next to a low-rise building overlap in the strains, which leads to a decline.
drought waterway next to the building.
bridge orchard waste water next to the building.
create a highway next to the building leads to shake the building.
construct a building using piles chiming affecting neighboring buildings.
Second: -alawaml natural:
1) Wind: - lead to the erosion of sand-laden surfaces as a result of the harmful gases.
B) the snow: -tady to cause internal stresses in concrete, which leads to the occurrence of cracks poetry.
C) temperature: - difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the material leads to the occurrence of cracks.
D) salts: - attacking and sulfate salts concrete leads to erosion.
F) water vapor: - impact on the upper floors of the large exposure to water vapor appears.
Third: - factors related to failure in studies:
A - Palaces in soil studies: examples of this: -
1. shortcomings in the work of the borings.
2. Create a building without work Soundings.
3. Bad taking tests.
4. poor geological study.
This deficiency results in a lot of errors, including the following: -
1. do not choose the right kind of basis.
2. Non choose the right level of incorporation.
3. The lack of appreciation for the real effort soil.
4. occurrence of the movements of the soil as a result of excavation work and the implementation of the foundations of adjacent buildings.
5. occurrence of a regular or irregular subsidence of the foundation.
6. slippage of the building.
7. occurrence of twisting of the building.
A - deficiencies in the design: -
Of the reasons for this shortcoming
1. Non-attribution construction designs to specialized engineers.
2. Non-examine the environmental dimension (in terms of groundwater - air salts).
3. Ramp building without supervision Engineering.
4. humidity during the different seasons.
5. Amendment in the construction drawings without reference to the design engineer.
Deficiencies in the design leads to the dangers: -
1. loads columns calculate the wrong way.
2. Failure to observe the lengths and extensions skewers arm cantilever beams and slabs.
3. termination of iron main armament in extreme moments regions.
(C) shortcomings in implementation: -
lack of understanding of the design paintings.
use of non-matching material specifications.
flaws in armament.
casting and expansion joints.
non-implementation of Kanat Aloadh and beams in accordance with the drawings.
increase ratio (M / S).
use does not meet the specifications of cement.
not work beams to distribute the load on the walls, the ceiling at the start of the construction of housing in a manner bearing walls.
reduce concrete sectors of what is out of the question for the purpose of saving.
not work tendencies floor bathroom and toilets.
not work tendencies surface of the upper floor.
use bad technique for Exchange building.
use banks and ponds in the confusion.
lack of water isolation care, which leads to water leaking from the bottom of the building and thus exposed foundations of the seriousness of corrosion.
not isolate the bishop of the last round.
not use thermal insulation of origin.
non-chemical isolation of origin.
not use vibrators automated sand concrete.
threw concrete from high altitudes.
lack of attention to specifications and reliance on personal experience.
D-deficiency in maintenance:
The reasons for lack of maintenance: -
• Do not take maintenance into account during the design.
• non-inclusion in the initial and maintenance of basic building costs.
Fourth: - factors not taken into account:
1) fire: where the concrete typically lose strength gradually higher ambient temperature by 300 degrees Celsius.
2) earthquakes: the effect of earthquakes on building a large horizontal force transverse vibrations, leading to the collapse of the building.
3) the proliferation of factories next to buildings erode the concrete due to chemicals.
4) Change the use of origin without reference to the designer
5) Origin exposed to high or low ground water.
6) the work of the foundations of the neighboring dot follow engineering precautions to support aspects of drilling.
4. piling work problems
Because the foundation is one of the most important parts in origin so it will run the most important problems facing because they lead to its weakness and inability to withstand the loads located on them.
1) the weakness of the soil.
2) An error in the distribution of my design loads.
3) different soil formation per site.
4) Move the groundwater table.
5) the disintegration of the soil or slipping.
6) the heavy traffic.
7) Business neighboring pits.
8) different building heights.
9) vibrations due to machines.
10) landscaping and surrounding greenery.
11) different base type in a single building and ill-link type.
The following is piling problems in order:
1) Earthworks.
2) reclamation.
3) Soil transfer.
4) business rules foundations.
5) Business Piles.
6) falling buildings.
7) coup inside.
8) landing East.
9) the overall decline.
10) slide.
11) the lack of repayment.
5 - the problems and disadvantages of the excavation work
It is the drilling of the preparatory work for the establishment of any building work requires accuracy in receiving the impact of the integrity of the building if it is not according to the technical assets.
He spoke of technical defects digging due to look at all employees of the supervising engineer on working on the process of observation, workers and the contractor as a simple element does not reach significance other acts or acts of armed Kkhersanh casting.
And drilling problems include the following: -
1) unevenness drilling floor.
2) lack of horizontal drilling floor.
3) Lack of vertical aspects of drilling.
4) uneven aspects of drilling.
5) Failure to adjust the angles aspects of drilling vertical and horizontal.
6) the fall of dust bridge in the pits.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the presence of plankton and impurities in the water or drilling surfaces without dewatering.
9) violation angle oblique aspects of drilling for the tilt angle of the soil.
10) twice as spacers between the wells converged.
11) Lack of blood Moundalh bottom rail after water flooded well.
6 - reclamation problems
1) falling rubble.
2) the heterogeneity of Maud backfill.
3) memberships and impurities.
4) cracking.
7-transport business problems
1) cover the sow.
2) impeding the work.
3) Nfshan transport and on the basis of accounting as well as Fluffy.
8-piling work problems
1) vertical landing.
2) Lateral Alrkiny landing.
3) expansion and contraction.
4) increase in real for the design loads.
5) the quality of the soil.
6) Change the water table.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the collapse of the soil or the street.
9. Piling foundation problems
1) Failure to adhere to them rigorously finite.
2) lack of vertical pile.
3) deport the stake.
4) vibration.
5) the existence of neighborhood facilities area without the stake.
6) adjacent to the neighboring buildings to piles positions.
7) adjacent to the site waterway.
8) furan.
9) there are no spaces on site.
1) lack of commitment to accuracy finite: -
Require the signing process or to drive axes or Soundings Piles accuracy seriously in accuracy and specificity and cause anything wrong in the non-load vehicles match the piles axes and thus in the different distribution of loads on the piles problem for basing the base, which topped and therefore the distribution of efforts on the nature of what WordPress design difference.
2) lack of vertical pile: -
Unless the stake required accuracy tilted for some reason my design the failure during his header chiming cause a difficulty during the accuracy and reduce the efficiency and the ability to bear.
It also caused problems during the lift or pull the discharge pipe from the soil because the process pipe-mile sweep away aspects of the soil during the movement of the pipe up and reduces the ability of the friction of hazing.
3) deport stake: -
If you drive a stake with deportation for his specific graphics design, the ability to stress less as reduced efficiency of operation and change status for adjacent to the piles and affect its ability thus may cause deportation of hazing and one to deport the rest of piles on the same axis The problem occurs from the measuring site or an error the work of deportation of structural design in some piles, and no change in the other piles sites.
4) bounce pile up: -
Bounce some 1.5 piles up after one night in the sand and mercurial Almendalh could pay him up once or gradually and can avoid this situation beating the big pile and head up Faiser Kalhabour inverted stolen nor boomerang.
10. defects installations because of the soil
Vary efforts by carrying soil quality and the degree of homogeneity, depth and thickness of the applied and the percentage of water and the water level, depth and change the level of its front page. The following is a general schedule for the efforts of carrying the soil and can be used to estimate the initial design of foundations. But it does not sing in the important work of the functional borings to detect the properties of the soil prior to the implementation of projects cases.
Soil and affected Compression under the influence of the weight of origin and its load subsumed with the stages of construction, and the height and load it also consequently affect the building and its different parts Baltraih or landing equivalent or non-equivalent by the homogeneity of its design in the height of its parts, and its length an introduction
Given Almtmahs flour for existing facilities in Egypt, we find that through the work of a statistical origin is difficult to exist free from defects. And due to the lack of awareness of structural and human conscience when different construction stages of the design, implementation and supervision, maintenance and so on so it was necessary to study this section analysis of the types of defects and their causes and thus methods of treatment.
Makes it much easier to find contractor or engineer performs origin from the beginning but it's hard to find an engineer Oomquaol maintenance work, therefore, should study the fissures and cracks in concrete structures due to the cause of the massive losses in persons and property and buildings if the engineer did not study these cracks and determine the reasons and the types and how to treat these cracks to avoid the negative effects that result from negligence in the construction of any complexity or natural disasters such as earthquakes.
2-types of defects
2.1 defects related to origin as a whole
2-1-1- defects related to the authority: -
1) Insulation is not sufficient either to isolate heat - moisture.
2) cracks unacceptable.
3) uncomfortable vibrations.
4) defects offset.
5) defects as a result of slipping.
6) as a result of defects landing teams.
2.1.2 For security flaws
1) including the collapse of the kidneys.
2) including a partial collapse.
3) lack of poise.
2-2 flaws constructional elements
2-2 - 1 cracked concrete: -
1) mottling.
2) salting.
3) cracks.
4) falling concrete.
5) concrete fragmentation.
6) surface corrosion.
7) ruffled concrete.
2-2 - 2 -alckl and marbling: -
1) bending.
2) buckling pressure.
3. causes cracking and collapse
There are multiple causes leading to cracks and sometimes cracks the concrete installations, and can cause it to collapse origin can be divided into these reasons: - external factors
1) external factors.
2) natural factors.
3) factors related to failure in studies.
4) factors were not taken into account.
First: - External factors:
the presence of large trees next to the building.
high building next to a low-rise building overlap in the strains, which leads to a decline.
drought waterway next to the building.
bridge orchard waste water next to the building.
create a highway next to the building leads to shake the building.
construct a building using piles chiming affecting neighboring buildings.
Second: -alawaml natural:
1) Wind: - lead to the erosion of sand-laden surfaces as a result of the harmful gases.
B) the snow: -tady to cause internal stresses in concrete, which leads to the occurrence of cracks poetry.
C) temperature: - difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the material leads to the occurrence of cracks.
D) salts: - attacking and sulfate salts concrete leads to erosion.
F) water vapor: - impact on the upper floors of the large exposure to water vapor appears.
Third: - factors related to failure in studies:
A - Palaces in soil studies: examples of this: -
1. shortcomings in the work of the borings.
2. Create a building without work Soundings.
3. Bad taking tests.
4. poor geological study.
This deficiency results in a lot of errors, including the following: -
1. do not choose the right kind of basis.
2. Non choose the right level of incorporation.
3. The lack of appreciation for the real effort soil.
4. occurrence of the movements of the soil as a result of excavation work and the implementation of the foundations of adjacent buildings.
5. occurrence of a regular or irregular subsidence of the foundation.
6. slippage of the building.
7. occurrence of twisting of the building.
A - deficiencies in the design: -
Of the reasons for this shortcoming
1. Non-attribution construction designs to specialized engineers.
2. Non-examine the environmental dimension (in terms of groundwater - air salts).
3. Ramp building without supervision Engineering.
4. humidity during the different seasons.
5. Amendment in the construction drawings without reference to the design engineer.
Deficiencies in the design leads to the dangers: -
1. loads columns calculate the wrong way.
2. Failure to observe the lengths and extensions skewers arm cantilever beams and slabs.
3. termination of iron main armament in extreme moments regions.
(C) shortcomings in implementation: - lack of understanding of the design paintings.
use of non-matching material specifications.
flaws in armament.
casting and expansion joints.
non-implementation of Kanat Aloadh and beams in accordance with the drawings.
increase ratio (M / S).
use does not meet the specifications of cement.
not work beams to distribute the load on the walls, the ceiling at the start of the construction of housing in a manner bearing walls.
reduce concrete sectors of what is out of the question for the purpose of saving.
not work tendencies floor bathroom and toilets.
not work tendencies surface of the upper floor.
use bad technique for Exchange building.
use banks and ponds in the confusion.
lack of water isolation care, which leads to water leaking from the bottom of the building and thus exposed foundations of the seriousness of corrosion.
not isolate the bishop of the last round.
not use thermal insulation of origin.
non-chemical isolation of origin.
not use vibrators automated sand concrete.
threw concrete from high altitudes.
lack of attention to specifications and reliance on personal experience.
D-deficiency in maintenance:
The reasons for lack of maintenance: -
• Do not take maintenance into account during the design.
• non-inclusion in the initial and maintenance of basic building costs.
Fourth: - factors not taken into account:
1) fire: where the concrete typically lose strength gradually higher ambient temperature by 300 degrees Celsius.
2) earthquakes: the effect of earthquakes on building a large horizontal force transverse vibrations, leading to the collapse of the building.
3) the proliferation of factories next to buildings erode the concrete due to chemicals.
4) Change the use of origin without reference to the designer
5) Origin exposed to high or low ground water.
6) the work of the foundations of the neighboring dot follow engineering precautions to support aspects of drilling.
4. piling work problems
Because the foundation is one of the most important parts in origin so it will run the most important problems facing because they lead to its weakness and inability to withstand the loads located on them.
1) the weakness of the soil.
2) An error in the distribution of my design loads.
3) different soil formation per site.
4) Move the groundwater table.
5) the disintegration of the soil or slipping.
6) the heavy traffic.
7) Business neighboring pits.
8) different building heights.
9) vibrations due to machines.
10) landscaping and surrounding greenery.
11) different base type in a single building and ill-link type.
The following is piling problems in order:
1) Earthworks.
2) reclamation.
3) Soil transfer.
4) business rules foundations.
5) Business Piles.
6) falling buildings.
7) coup inside.
8) landing East.
9) the overall decline.
10) slide.
11) the lack of repayment.
5 - the problems and disadvantages of the excavation work
It is the drilling of the preparatory work for the establishment of any building work requires accuracy in receiving the impact of the integrity of the building if it is not according to the technical assets.
He spoke of technical defects digging due to look at all employees of the supervising engineer on working on the process of observation, workers and the contractor as a simple element does not reach significance other acts or acts of armed Kkhersanh casting.
And drilling problems include the following: -
1) unevenness drilling floor.
2) lack of horizontal drilling floor.
3) Lack of vertical aspects of drilling.
4) uneven aspects of drilling.
5) Failure to adjust the angles aspects of drilling vertical and horizontal.
6) the fall of dust bridge in the pits.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the presence of plankton and impurities in the water or drilling surfaces without dewatering.
9) violation angle oblique aspects of drilling for the tilt angle of the soil.
10) twice as spacers between the wells converged.
11) Lack of blood Moundalh bottom rail after water flooded well.
6 - reclamation problems
1) falling rubble.
2) the heterogeneity of Maud backfill.
3) memberships and impurities.
4) cracking.
7-transport business problems
1) cover the sow.
2) impeding the work.
3) Nfshan transport and on the basis of accounting as well as Fluffy.
8-piling work problems
1) vertical landing.
2) Lateral Alrkiny landing.
3) expansion and contraction.
4) increase in real for the design loads.
5) the quality of the soil.
6) Change the water table.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the collapse of the soil or the street.
9. Piling foundation problems
1) Failure to adhere to them rigorously finite.
2) lack of vertical pile.
3) deport the stake.
4) vibration.
5) the existence of neighborhood facilities area without the stake.
6) adjacent to the neighboring buildings to piles positions.
7) adjacent to the site waterway.
8) furan.
9) there are no spaces on site.
1) lack of commitment to accuracy finite: -
Require the signing process or to drive axes or Soundings Piles accuracy seriously in accuracy and specificity and cause anything wrong in the non-load vehicles match the piles axes and thus in the different distribution of loads on the piles problem for basing the base, which topped and therefore the distribution of efforts on the nature of what WordPress design difference.
2) lack of vertical pile: -
Unless the stake required accuracy tilted for some reason my design the failure during his header chiming cause a difficulty during the accuracy and reduce the efficiency and the ability to bear.
It also caused problems during the lift or pull the discharge pipe from the soil because the process pipe-mile sweep away aspects of the soil during the movement of the pipe up and reduces the ability of the friction of hazing.
3) deport stake: -
If you drive a stake with deportation for his specific graphics design, the ability to stress less as reduced efficiency of operation and change status for adjacent to the piles and affect its ability thus may cause deportation of hazing and one to deport the rest of piles on the same axis The problem occurs from the measuring site or an error the work of deportation of structural design in some piles, and no change in the other piles sites.
4) bounce pile up: -
Bounce some 1.5 piles up after one night in the sand and mercurial Almendalh could pay him up once or gradually and can avoid this situation beating the big pile and head up Faiser Kalhabour inverted stolen nor boomerang.
10. defects installations because of the soil
Vary efforts by carrying soil quality and the degree of homogeneity, depth and thickness of the applied and the percentage of water and the water level, depth and change the level of its front page. The following is a general schedule for the efforts of carrying the soil and can be used to estimate the initial design of foundations. But it does not sing in the important work of the functional borings to detect the properties of the soil prior to the implementation of projects cases.
Soil and affected Compression under the influence of the weight of origin and its load subsumed with the stages of construction, and the height and load it also consequently affect the building and its different parts Baltraih or landing equivalent or non-equivalent by the homogeneity of its design in the height of its parts, and its length and body projected horizontal and time at every part of it and regularity of the stages of the relay in the construction or completion partially and then later enlarged after a period differ event of a landing as follows: -
(1) high-rise buildings.
(2) the long buildings.
(3) buildings with a special shape in the horizontal projection.
(4) buildings of varying height and sizes parts.
(5) buildings that are erected on the different time stages.
(6) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor or its tip.
(7) the buildings adjacent to the neighbor Old higher.
(8) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor is equal to it.
(9) buildings in varying weights.
(10) buildings that happens the partially demolished.
(11) Increase in live and dead loads.
(12) established buildings of different materials.
The reasons for the decline: -
1) regular uneven landing.
2) non-valent landing.
3) Change the soil under the foundation.
4) the fluctuation of the water table.
5) heavy traffic.
6) land and natural shakes.
7) vibrational location or around it.
8) adjacent drillingand body projected horizontal and time at every part of it and regularity of the stages of the relay in the construction or completion partially and then later enlarged after a period differ event of a landing as follows: -
(1) high-rise buildings.
(2) the long buildings.
(3) buildings with a special shape in the horizontal projection.
(4) buildings of varying height and sizes parts.
(5) buildings that are erected on the different time stages.
(6) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor or its tip.
(7) the buildings adjacent to the neighbor Old higher.
(8) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor is equal to it.
(9) buildings in varying weights.
(10) buildings that happens the partially demolished.
(11) Increase in live and dead loads.
(12) established buildings of different materials.
The reasons for the decline: -
1) regular uneven landing.
2) non-valent landing.
3) Change the soil under the foundation.
4) the fluctuation of the water table.
5) heavy traffic.
6) land and natural shakes.
7) vibrational location or around it.
8) adjacent drilling
Given Almtmahs flour for existing facilities in Egypt, we find that through the work of a statistical origin is difficult to exist free from defects. And due to the lack of awareness of structural and human conscience when different construction stages of the design, implementation and supervision, maintenance and so on so it was necessary to study this section analysis of the types of defects and their causes and thus methods of treatment.
Makes it much easier to find contractor or engineer performs origin from the beginning but it's hard to find an engineer Oomquaol maintenance work, therefore, should study the fissures and cracks in concrete structures due to the cause of the massive losses in persons and property and buildings if the engineer did not study these cracks and determine the reasons and the types and how to treat these cracks to avoid the negative effects that result from negligence in the construction of any complexity or natural disasters such as earthquakes.
2-types of defects
2.1 defects related to origin as a whole
2-1-1- defects related to the authority: -
1) Insulation is not sufficient either to isolate heat - moisture.
2) cracks unacceptable.
3) uncomfortable vibrations.
4) defects offset.
5) defects as a result of slipping.
6) as a result of defects landing teams.
2.1.2 For security flaws
1) including the collapse of the kidneys.
2) including a partial collapse.
3) lack of poise.
2-2 flaws constructional elements
2-2 - 1 cracked concrete: -
1) mottling.
2) salting.
3) cracks.
4) falling concrete.
5) concrete fragmentation.
6) surface corrosion.
7) ruffled concrete.
2-2 - 2 -alckl and marbling: -
1) bending.
2) buckling pressure.
3. causes cracking and collapse
There are multiple causes leading to cracks and sometimes cracks the concrete installations, and can cause it to collapse origin can be divided into these reasons: - external factors
1) external factors.
2) natural factors.
3) factors related to failure in studies.
4) factors were not taken into account.
First: - External factors:
the presence of large trees next to the building.
high building next to a low-rise building overlap in the strains, which leads to a decline.
drought waterway next to the building.
bridge orchard waste water next to the building.
create a highway next to the building leads to shake the building.
construct a building using piles chiming affecting neighboring buildings.
Second: -alawaml natural:
1) Wind: - lead to the erosion of sand-laden surfaces as a result of the harmful gases.
B) the snow: -tady to cause internal stresses in concrete, which leads to the occurrence of cracks poetry.
C) temperature: - difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the material leads to the occurrence of cracks.
D) salts: - attacking and sulfate salts concrete leads to erosion.
F) water vapor: - impact on the upper floors of the large exposure to water vapor appears.
Third: - factors related to failure in studies:
A - Palaces in soil studies: examples of this: -
1. shortcomings in the work of the borings.
2. Create a building without work Soundings.
3. Bad taking tests.
4. poor geological study.
This deficiency results in a lot of errors, including the following: -
1. do not choose the right kind of basis.
2. Non choose the right level of incorporation.
3. The lack of appreciation for the real effort soil.
4. occurrence of the movements of the soil as a result of excavation work and the implementation of the foundations of adjacent buildings.
5. occurrence of a regular or irregular subsidence of the foundation.
6. slippage of the building.
7. occurrence of twisting of the building.
A - deficiencies in the design: -
Of the reasons for this shortcoming
1. Non-attribution construction designs to specialized engineers.
2. Non-examine the environmental dimension (in terms of groundwater - air salts).
3. Ramp building without supervision Engineering.
4. humidity during the different seasons.
5. Amendment in the construction drawings without reference to the design engineer.
Deficiencies in the design leads to the dangers: -
1. loads columns calculate the wrong way.
2. Failure to observe the lengths and extensions skewers arm cantilever beams and slabs.
3. termination of iron main armament in extreme moments regions.
(C) shortcomings in implementation: -
lack of understanding of the design paintings.
use of non-matching material specifications.
flaws in armament.
casting and expansion joints.
non-implementation of Kanat Aloadh and beams in accordance with the drawings.
increase ratio (M / S).
use does not meet the specifications of cement.
not work beams to distribute the load on the walls, the ceiling at the start of the construction of housing in a manner bearing walls.
reduce concrete sectors of what is out of the question for the purpose of saving.
not work tendencies floor bathroom and toilets.
not work tendencies surface of the upper floor.
use bad technique for Exchange building.
use banks and ponds in the confusion.
lack of water isolation care, which leads to water leaking from the bottom of the building and thus exposed foundations of the seriousness of corrosion.
not isolate the bishop of the last round.
not use thermal insulation of origin.
non-chemical isolation of origin.
not use vibrators automated sand concrete.
threw concrete from high altitudes.
lack of attention to specifications and reliance on personal experience.
D-deficiency in maintenance:
The reasons for lack of maintenance: -
• Do not take maintenance into account during the design.
• non-inclusion in the initial and maintenance of basic building costs.
Fourth: - factors not taken into account:
1) fire: where the concrete typically lose strength gradually higher ambient temperature by 300 degrees Celsius.
2) earthquakes: the effect of earthquakes on building a large horizontal force transverse vibrations, leading to the collapse of the building.
3) the proliferation of factories next to buildings erode the concrete due to chemicals.
4) Change the use of origin without reference to the designer
5) Origin exposed to high or low ground water.
6) the work of the foundations of the neighboring dot follow engineering precautions to support aspects of drilling.
4. piling work problems
Because the foundation is one of the most important parts in origin so it will run the most important problems facing because they lead to its weakness and inability to withstand the loads located on them.
1) the weakness of the soil.
2) An error in the distribution of my design loads.
3) different soil formation per site.
4) Move the groundwater table.
5) the disintegration of the soil or slipping.
6) the heavy traffic.
7) Business neighboring pits.
8) different building heights.
9) vibrations due to machines.
10) landscaping and surrounding greenery.
11) different base type in a single building and ill-link type.
The following is piling problems in order:
1) Earthworks.
2) reclamation.
3) Soil transfer.
4) business rules foundations.
5) Business Piles.
6) falling buildings.
7) coup inside.
8) landing East.
9) the overall decline.
10) slide.
11) the lack of repayment.
5 - the problems and disadvantages of the excavation work
It is the drilling of the preparatory work for the establishment of any building work requires accuracy in receiving the impact of the integrity of the building if it is not according to the technical assets.
He spoke of technical defects digging due to look at all employees of the supervising engineer on working on the process of observation, workers and the contractor as a simple element does not reach significance other acts or acts of armed Kkhersanh casting.
And drilling problems include the following: -
1) unevenness drilling floor.
2) lack of horizontal drilling floor.
3) Lack of vertical aspects of drilling.
4) uneven aspects of drilling.
5) Failure to adjust the angles aspects of drilling vertical and horizontal.
6) the fall of dust bridge in the pits.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the presence of plankton and impurities in the water or drilling surfaces without dewatering.
9) violation angle oblique aspects of drilling for the tilt angle of the soil.
10) twice as spacers between the wells converged.
11) Lack of blood Moundalh bottom rail after water flooded well.
6 - reclamation problems
1) falling rubble.
2) the heterogeneity of Maud backfill.
3) memberships and impurities.
4) cracking.
7-transport business problems
1) cover the sow.
2) impeding the work.
3) Nfshan transport and on the basis of accounting as well as Fluffy.
8-piling work problems
1) vertical landing.
2) Lateral Alrkiny landing.
3) expansion and contraction.
4) increase in real for the design loads.
5) the quality of the soil.
6) Change the water table.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the collapse of the soil or the street.
9. Piling foundation problems
1) Failure to adhere to them rigorously finite.
2) lack of vertical pile.
3) deport the stake.
4) vibration.
5) the existence of neighborhood facilities area without the stake.
6) adjacent to the neighboring buildings to piles positions.
7) adjacent to the site waterway.
8) furan.
9) there are no spaces on site.
1) lack of commitment to accuracy finite: -
Require the signing process or to drive axes or Soundings Piles accuracy seriously in accuracy and specificity and cause anything wrong in the non-load vehicles match the piles axes and thus in the different distribution of loads on the piles problem for basing the base, which topped and therefore the distribution of efforts on the nature of what WordPress design difference.
2) lack of vertical pile: -
Unless the stake required accuracy tilted for some reason my design the failure during his header chiming cause a difficulty during the accuracy and reduce the efficiency and the ability to bear.
It also caused problems during the lift or pull the discharge pipe from the soil because the process pipe-mile sweep away aspects of the soil during the movement of the pipe up and reduces the ability of the friction of hazing.
3) deport stake: -
If you drive a stake with deportation for his specific graphics design, the ability to stress less as reduced efficiency of operation and change status for adjacent to the piles and affect its ability thus may cause deportation of hazing and one to deport the rest of piles on the same axis The problem occurs from the measuring site or an error the work of deportation of structural design in some piles, and no change in the other piles sites.
4) bounce pile up: -
Bounce some 1.5 piles up after one night in the sand and mercurial Almendalh could pay him up once or gradually and can avoid this situation beating the big pile and head up Faiser Kalhabour inverted stolen nor boomerang.
10. defects installations because of the soil
Vary efforts by carrying soil quality and the degree of homogeneity, depth and thickness of the applied and the percentage of water and the water level, depth and change the level of its front page. The following is a general schedule for the efforts of carrying the soil and can be used to estimate the initial design of foundations. But it does not sing in the important work of the functional borings to detect the properties of the soil prior to the implementation of projects cases.
Soil and affected Compression under the influence of the weight of origin and its load subsumed with the stages of construction, and the height and load it also consequently affect the building and its different parts Baltraih or landing equivalent or non-equivalent by the homogeneity of its design in the height of its parts, and its length an introduction
Given Almtmahs flour for existing facilities in Egypt, we find that through the work of a statistical origin is difficult to exist free from defects. And due to the lack of awareness of structural and human conscience when different construction stages of the design, implementation and supervision, maintenance and so on so it was necessary to study this section analysis of the types of defects and their causes and thus methods of treatment.
Makes it much easier to find contractor or engineer performs origin from the beginning but it's hard to find an engineer Oomquaol maintenance work, therefore, should study the fissures and cracks in concrete structures due to the cause of the massive losses in persons and property and buildings if the engineer did not study these cracks and determine the reasons and the types and how to treat these cracks to avoid the negative effects that result from negligence in the construction of any complexity or natural disasters such as earthquakes.
2-types of defects
2.1 defects related to origin as a whole
2-1-1- defects related to the authority: -
1) Insulation is not sufficient either to isolate heat - moisture.
2) cracks unacceptable.
3) uncomfortable vibrations.
4) defects offset.
5) defects as a result of slipping.
6) as a result of defects landing teams.
2.1.2 For security flaws
1) including the collapse of the kidneys.
2) including a partial collapse.
3) lack of poise.
2-2 flaws constructional elements
2-2 - 1 cracked concrete: -
1) mottling.
2) salting.
3) cracks.
4) falling concrete.
5) concrete fragmentation.
6) surface corrosion.
7) ruffled concrete.
2-2 - 2 -alckl and marbling: -
1) bending.
2) buckling pressure.
3. causes cracking and collapse
There are multiple causes leading to cracks and sometimes cracks the concrete installations, and can cause it to collapse origin can be divided into these reasons: - external factors
1) external factors.
2) natural factors.
3) factors related to failure in studies.
4) factors were not taken into account.
First: - External factors:
the presence of large trees next to the building.
high building next to a low-rise building overlap in the strains, which leads to a decline.
drought waterway next to the building.
bridge orchard waste water next to the building.
create a highway next to the building leads to shake the building.
construct a building using piles chiming affecting neighboring buildings.
Second: -alawaml natural:
1) Wind: - lead to the erosion of sand-laden surfaces as a result of the harmful gases.
B) the snow: -tady to cause internal stresses in concrete, which leads to the occurrence of cracks poetry.
C) temperature: - difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the material leads to the occurrence of cracks.
D) salts: - attacking and sulfate salts concrete leads to erosion.
F) water vapor: - impact on the upper floors of the large exposure to water vapor appears.
Third: - factors related to failure in studies:
A - Palaces in soil studies: examples of this: -
1. shortcomings in the work of the borings.
2. Create a building without work Soundings.
3. Bad taking tests.
4. poor geological study.
This deficiency results in a lot of errors, including the following: -
1. do not choose the right kind of basis.
2. Non choose the right level of incorporation.
3. The lack of appreciation for the real effort soil.
4. occurrence of the movements of the soil as a result of excavation work and the implementation of the foundations of adjacent buildings.
5. occurrence of a regular or irregular subsidence of the foundation.
6. slippage of the building.
7. occurrence of twisting of the building.
A - deficiencies in the design: -
Of the reasons for this shortcoming
1. Non-attribution construction designs to specialized engineers.
2. Non-examine the environmental dimension (in terms of groundwater - air salts).
3. Ramp building without supervision Engineering.
4. humidity during the different seasons.
5. Amendment in the construction drawings without reference to the design engineer.
Deficiencies in the design leads to the dangers: -
1. loads columns calculate the wrong way.
2. Failure to observe the lengths and extensions skewers arm cantilever beams and slabs.
3. termination of iron main armament in extreme moments regions.
(C) shortcomings in implementation: - lack of understanding of the design paintings.
use of non-matching material specifications.
flaws in armament.
casting and expansion joints.
non-implementation of Kanat Aloadh and beams in accordance with the drawings.
increase ratio (M / S).
use does not meet the specifications of cement.
not work beams to distribute the load on the walls, the ceiling at the start of the construction of housing in a manner bearing walls.
reduce concrete sectors of what is out of the question for the purpose of saving.
not work tendencies floor bathroom and toilets.
not work tendencies surface of the upper floor.
use bad technique for Exchange building.
use banks and ponds in the confusion.
lack of water isolation care, which leads to water leaking from the bottom of the building and thus exposed foundations of the seriousness of corrosion.
not isolate the bishop of the last round.
not use thermal insulation of origin.
non-chemical isolation of origin.
not use vibrators automated sand concrete.
threw concrete from high altitudes.
lack of attention to specifications and reliance on personal experience.
D-deficiency in maintenance:
The reasons for lack of maintenance: -
• Do not take maintenance into account during the design.
• non-inclusion in the initial and maintenance of basic building costs.
Fourth: - factors not taken into account:
1) fire: where the concrete typically lose strength gradually higher ambient temperature by 300 degrees Celsius.
2) earthquakes: the effect of earthquakes on building a large horizontal force transverse vibrations, leading to the collapse of the building.
3) the proliferation of factories next to buildings erode the concrete due to chemicals.
4) Change the use of origin without reference to the designer
5) Origin exposed to high or low ground water.
6) the work of the foundations of the neighboring dot follow engineering precautions to support aspects of drilling.
4. piling work problems
Because the foundation is one of the most important parts in origin so it will run the most important problems facing because they lead to its weakness and inability to withstand the loads located on them.
1) the weakness of the soil.
2) An error in the distribution of my design loads.
3) different soil formation per site.
4) Move the groundwater table.
5) the disintegration of the soil or slipping.
6) the heavy traffic.
7) Business neighboring pits.
8) different building heights.
9) vibrations due to machines.
10) landscaping and surrounding greenery.
11) different base type in a single building and ill-link type.
The following is piling problems in order:
1) Earthworks.
2) reclamation.
3) Soil transfer.
4) business rules foundations.
5) Business Piles.
6) falling buildings.
7) coup inside.
8) landing East.
9) the overall decline.
10) slide.
11) the lack of repayment.
5 - the problems and disadvantages of the excavation work
It is the drilling of the preparatory work for the establishment of any building work requires accuracy in receiving the impact of the integrity of the building if it is not according to the technical assets.
He spoke of technical defects digging due to look at all employees of the supervising engineer on working on the process of observation, workers and the contractor as a simple element does not reach significance other acts or acts of armed Kkhersanh casting.
And drilling problems include the following: -
1) unevenness drilling floor.
2) lack of horizontal drilling floor.
3) Lack of vertical aspects of drilling.
4) uneven aspects of drilling.
5) Failure to adjust the angles aspects of drilling vertical and horizontal.
6) the fall of dust bridge in the pits.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the presence of plankton and impurities in the water or drilling surfaces without dewatering.
9) violation angle oblique aspects of drilling for the tilt angle of the soil.
10) twice as spacers between the wells converged.
11) Lack of blood Moundalh bottom rail after water flooded well.
6 - reclamation problems
1) falling rubble.
2) the heterogeneity of Maud backfill.
3) memberships and impurities.
4) cracking.
7-transport business problems
1) cover the sow.
2) impeding the work.
3) Nfshan transport and on the basis of accounting as well as Fluffy.
8-piling work problems
1) vertical landing.
2) Lateral Alrkiny landing.
3) expansion and contraction.
4) increase in real for the design loads.
5) the quality of the soil.
6) Change the water table.
7) the collapse of the aspects of drilling.
8) the collapse of the soil or the street.
9. Piling foundation problems
1) Failure to adhere to them rigorously finite.
2) lack of vertical pile.
3) deport the stake.
4) vibration.
5) the existence of neighborhood facilities area without the stake.
6) adjacent to the neighboring buildings to piles positions.
7) adjacent to the site waterway.
8) furan.
9) there are no spaces on site.
1) lack of commitment to accuracy finite: -
Require the signing process or to drive axes or Soundings Piles accuracy seriously in accuracy and specificity and cause anything wrong in the non-load vehicles match the piles axes and thus in the different distribution of loads on the piles problem for basing the base, which topped and therefore the distribution of efforts on the nature of what WordPress design difference.
2) lack of vertical pile: -
Unless the stake required accuracy tilted for some reason my design the failure during his header chiming cause a difficulty during the accuracy and reduce the efficiency and the ability to bear.
It also caused problems during the lift or pull the discharge pipe from the soil because the process pipe-mile sweep away aspects of the soil during the movement of the pipe up and reduces the ability of the friction of hazing.
3) deport stake: -
If you drive a stake with deportation for his specific graphics design, the ability to stress less as reduced efficiency of operation and change status for adjacent to the piles and affect its ability thus may cause deportation of hazing and one to deport the rest of piles on the same axis The problem occurs from the measuring site or an error the work of deportation of structural design in some piles, and no change in the other piles sites.
4) bounce pile up: -
Bounce some 1.5 piles up after one night in the sand and mercurial Almendalh could pay him up once or gradually and can avoid this situation beating the big pile and head up Faiser Kalhabour inverted stolen nor boomerang.
10. defects installations because of the soil
Vary efforts by carrying soil quality and the degree of homogeneity, depth and thickness of the applied and the percentage of water and the water level, depth and change the level of its front page. The following is a general schedule for the efforts of carrying the soil and can be used to estimate the initial design of foundations. But it does not sing in the important work of the functional borings to detect the properties of the soil prior to the implementation of projects cases.
Soil and affected Compression under the influence of the weight of origin and its load subsumed with the stages of construction, and the height and load it also consequently affect the building and its different parts Baltraih or landing equivalent or non-equivalent by the homogeneity of its design in the height of its parts, and its length and body projected horizontal and time at every part of it and regularity of the stages of the relay in the construction or completion partially and then later enlarged after a period differ event of a landing as follows: -
(1) high-rise buildings.
(2) the long buildings.
(3) buildings with a special shape in the horizontal projection.
(4) buildings of varying height and sizes parts.
(5) buildings that are erected on the different time stages.
(6) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor or its tip.
(7) the buildings adjacent to the neighbor Old higher.
(8) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor is equal to it.
(9) buildings in varying weights.
(10) buildings that happens the partially demolished.
(11) Increase in live and dead loads.
(12) established buildings of different materials.
The reasons for the decline: -
1) regular uneven landing.
2) non-valent landing.
3) Change the soil under the foundation.
4) the fluctuation of the water table.
5) heavy traffic.
6) land and natural shakes.
7) vibrational location or around it.
8) adjacent drillingand body projected horizontal and time at every part of it and regularity of the stages of the relay in the construction or completion partially and then later enlarged after a period differ event of a landing as follows: -
(1) high-rise buildings.
(2) the long buildings.
(3) buildings with a special shape in the horizontal projection.
(4) buildings of varying height and sizes parts.
(5) buildings that are erected on the different time stages.
(6) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor or its tip.
(7) the buildings adjacent to the neighbor Old higher.
(8) the buildings adjacent to the Old neighbor is equal to it.
(9) buildings in varying weights.
(10) buildings that happens the partially demolished.
(11) Increase in live and dead loads.
(12) established buildings of different materials.
The reasons for the decline: -
1) regular uneven landing.
2) non-valent landing.
3) Change the soil under the foundation.
4) the fluctuation of the water table.
5) heavy traffic.
6) land and natural shakes.
7) vibrational location or around it.
8) adjacent drilling